Non proprietor automobile insurance coverage arizona – Navigating non-owner automobile insurance coverage Arizona can really feel daunting, however it does not must be. This complete information illuminates the essential elements of defending your self when driving one other individual’s automobile. Understanding the specifics of Arizona non-owner automobile insurance coverage is important for accountable drivers, making certain you are adequately coated in varied conditions.
From protection sorts and limits to the claims course of and important duties, this useful resource offers a transparent and accessible overview. This information will equip you with the data to confidently deal with your insurance coverage wants.
Introduction to Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage in Arizona
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona offers protection for people who don’t personal a automobile however commonly drive one other individual’s automobile. This protection is essential for shielding your self and others in case of an accident whenever you’re working a automobile not registered in your title. It is a important safeguard, particularly for conditions like borrowing a good friend’s automobile or driving an organization automobile.This complete information Artikels the necessities of non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona, detailing the sorts of protection obtainable, the conditions the place it is required, and the essential elements of choosing the proper coverage.
Understanding these nuances is important for accountable and legally compliant driving.
Definition of Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage, often known as short-term or permissive use insurance coverage, covers people who’re working a automobile that they don’t personal. It offers legal responsibility safety, and in some circumstances, further protection, for accidents which will happen whereas utilizing a automobile not registered to the insured particular person. This protection is distinct from common auto insurance coverage, because it addresses a particular state of affairs of utilizing another person’s automobile.
Sorts of Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage Insurance policies in Arizona
Arizona gives varied non-owner insurance policies, primarily designed to handle legal responsibility. Some insurance policies may additionally embody non-obligatory add-ons corresponding to collision and complete protection, much like normal auto insurance coverage insurance policies. The particular choices obtainable rely on the insurance coverage supplier. These insurance policies are tailor-made to guard the motive force and the automobile proprietor.
Conditions Requiring Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage in Arizona
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage is just not obligatory in all circumstances in Arizona, however it’s strongly suggested and generally legally required. In the event you commonly drive a automobile that is not registered to you, it is best to have non-owner protection. That is notably true when borrowing a automobile from a good friend, member of the family, or when driving an organization automobile. This protection is a vital safeguard for you and the automobile proprietor.
Contemplate conditions the place you are chargeable for a automobile not owned by you.
Protection Choices Obtainable
| Protection Kind | Description | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Legal responsibility | Covers damages you trigger to different individuals or their property in an accident. | Important for authorized safety and monetary accountability. |
| Collision | Covers damages to your automobile in an accident, no matter who’s at fault. | Protects your monetary funding in your automobile. |
| Complete | Covers damages to your automobile from incidents aside from accidents, corresponding to vandalism, fireplace, or theft. | Gives safety in opposition to unexpected occasions that might injury your automobile. |
These are the first protection choices typically present in non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies. The provision and specifics of every protection kind could range between insurance coverage suppliers. Contemplate your particular person wants and the potential dangers related to working a automobile not registered to you when selecting your coverage.
Protection and Limits in Arizona
Arizona’s non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies usually present an important security web for drivers who do not personal the automobile they function. Understanding the protection and limits obtainable is paramount to making sure sufficient safety. This protection, whereas designed to reduce monetary threat, is not complete, and sure elements of insurance coverage are excluded, so thorough overview is important.
Legal responsibility Protection Limits
Legal responsibility protection is a basic element of any auto insurance coverage coverage, and it protects you from monetary accountability when you’re at fault in an accident. In Arizona, typical legal responsibility limits for non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies typically vary from $25,000 to $50,000 per individual and $50,000 to $100,000 per accident. These limits dictate the utmost quantity the insurance coverage firm pays out to cowl damages or accidents ensuing from a automobile accident the place the insured is at fault.
Larger limits supply larger monetary safety however include elevated premiums.
Excluded Coverages
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies, in Arizona, typically exclude sure sorts of protection which can be normal in a full-fledged proprietor coverage. Complete and collision protection, which protects in opposition to injury to the automobile from occasions like vandalism or accidents, are usually absent. It’s because the policyholder does not personal the automobile and thus is not instantly chargeable for its upkeep or injury.
Equally, protection for medical funds or uninsured/underinsured motorist safety, whereas doubtlessly obtainable, is often restricted in scope in comparison with an proprietor coverage.
Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Protection Exclusions
Uninsured/underinsured motorist protection protects policyholders in the event that they’re injured in a collision with a driver who lacks ample insurance coverage. This protection typically comes with exclusions in non-owner insurance policies. For instance, if the insured is working a automobile owned by a member of the family, the protection may not apply if that member of the family is the at-fault celebration in an accident. Moreover, the coverage may exclude protection if the uninsured driver was working a automobile with out authorization.
Rigorously reviewing the coverage language is crucial to know these limitations.
Comparability of Legal responsibility Limits
| Kind of Non-Proprietor Coverage | Bodily Harm Legal responsibility (per individual) | Bodily Harm Legal responsibility (per accident) | Property Harm Legal responsibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fundamental Coverage | $25,000 | $50,000 | $25,000 |
| Enhanced Coverage | $50,000 | $100,000 | $50,000 |
| Premium Coverage | $100,000 | $300,000 | $100,000 |
This desk illustrates the doable vary of legal responsibility limits for various kinds of non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies. The particular limits can range primarily based on the insurance coverage supplier and the person coverage. It is important to overview the coverage doc totally to know the exact particulars of your protection.
Acquiring Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage in Arizona
Securing non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona includes a simple course of, distinct from conventional proprietor insurance policies. This specialised protection is essential for people who borrow, lease, or drive a automobile not registered to their title. Understanding the steps and required documentation is crucial for a clean and environment friendly software.Navigating the method typically requires cautious consideration to element. This consists of gathering the required paperwork and understanding the specifics of every insurance coverage supplier’s necessities.
The right process ensures the coverage aligns with the wants of the short-term automobile consumer.
Steps Concerned in Buying Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage
Buying non-owner auto insurance coverage in Arizona usually includes these key steps:
- Determine the automobile: Decide the particular make, mannequin, and yr of the automobile for which protection is required. Correct identification ensures the insurance coverage coverage adequately protects the automobile and driver.
- Find appropriate suppliers: Analysis and examine totally different insurance coverage suppliers providing non-owner protection in Arizona. This includes analyzing coverage phrases, premiums, and protection choices to search out essentially the most appropriate coverage for the person’s wants.
- Collect essential paperwork: Compile the required paperwork, together with the automobile’s registration data and the proprietor’s insurance coverage particulars. This meticulous preparation streamlines the applying course of.
- Full the applying: Fill out the insurance coverage software type precisely, offering all requested particulars. Rigorously overview the shape to make sure accuracy and completeness.
- Pay the premium: As soon as the applying is authorized, pay the required premium to finalize the coverage. This secures the insurance coverage protection and protects the automobile and driver.
Required Paperwork for Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage
The next paperwork are normally required for securing non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona:
- Proof of car possession: The automobile’s registration is required to determine the automobile’s particulars and its proprietor.
- Proof of the automobile’s legal responsibility insurance coverage: This doc confirms the automobile proprietor’s legal responsibility insurance coverage coverage, an important side of the non-owner protection.
- Driver’s license and proof of id: The applicant’s driver’s license and identification paperwork are required to confirm the motive force’s id and driving historical past.
- Rental settlement or different documentation proving automobile use: The doc confirming the usage of the automobile is a crucial side of the applying course of.
- Contact data of the automobile proprietor: The proprietor’s contact particulars assist in clarifying any queries and guarantee clean communication.
Frequent Insurance coverage Suppliers Providing Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage
A number of insurance coverage suppliers supply non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona. Every supplier has particular phrases and circumstances.
- Many nationwide insurance coverage firms function in Arizona, providing non-owner insurance policies.
- Native Arizona-based insurance coverage firms typically concentrate on this sort of protection.
Insurance coverage Supplier Contact Info
The next desk offers contact data for some outstanding insurance coverage suppliers in Arizona. Observe that contact data is topic to alter.
| Insurance coverage Supplier | Telephone Quantity | Web site |
|---|---|---|
| State Farm | (XXX) XXX-XXXX | www.statefarm.com |
| Allstate | (XXX) XXX-XXXX | www.allstate.com |
| Progressive | (XXX) XXX-XXXX | www.progressive.com |
| Farmers Insurance coverage | (XXX) XXX-XXXX | www.farmersinsurance.com |
| USAA | (XXX) XXX-XXXX | www.usaa.com |
Evaluating Prices and Premiums
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage premiums in Arizona, like these elsewhere, are usually not a one-size-fits-all determine. The associated fee will depend on a wide range of components, making it essential to know the variables impacting your potential expense. Figuring out these components empowers you to buy essentially the most appropriate protection at a worth that aligns together with your wants and price range. Premiums are tailor-made to mirror the dangers related to every particular person scenario.The typical price of non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona fluctuates primarily based on quite a few contributing parts.
Whereas there is not any definitive, single common, a spread of things affect the ultimate worth. These embody the particular protection ranges chosen, the automobile’s traits, and the motive force’s historical past. Understanding these influencing components is crucial for securing the best protection with out pointless monetary pressure.
Common Prices in Arizona
Exact common prices for non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona are tough to pinpoint because of the in depth variations in protection and private circumstances. Insurance coverage firms use advanced algorithms to find out premiums, bearing in mind a large number of variables. Nevertheless, analysis signifies that premiums usually fall inside a spread that’s influenced by components such because the automobile’s kind and the motive force’s driving report.
Elements just like the automobile’s age, make, and mannequin, together with the kind of use (private vs. enterprise), play an important position within the calculation of the premium.
Elements Influencing Premium Charges
A number of key components contribute to the price of non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona. These components work in tandem to create a complete image of the potential threat concerned, and premiums are tailor-made to mirror this threat. The ensuing premium is a fastidiously calculated steadiness of those interacting parts.
- Protection Ranges: The extra complete the protection, the upper the premium. This consists of the extent of legal responsibility protection, collision, and complete protection. The specified stage of safety instantly impacts the price. For instance, a coverage with excessive legal responsibility limits and added extras corresponding to uninsured/underinsured motorist safety will usually command a better premium in comparison with a coverage with decrease limits and fewer add-ons.
- Car Traits: The kind of automobile, its age, and its make and mannequin are important parts. A sports activities automobile, as an illustration, is usually related to a better threat profile in comparison with a compact sedan, resulting in a better premium. Equally, older automobiles might need greater restore prices, contributing to a doubtlessly greater premium.
- Driver Historical past: A driver’s historical past, notably their driving report, performs a considerable position. A clear driving report with no accidents or site visitors violations will usually end in a decrease premium in comparison with a report marked by accidents or violations. The severity and frequency of previous incidents affect the premium calculation.
- Location: The situation the place the automobile is primarily pushed also can have an effect on the price. Areas with greater accident charges or greater theft charges may result in greater premiums. Geographic components considerably affect the danger evaluation and, consequently, the premium.
Driving Document and Historical past Influence
A driver’s driving report, together with accidents, violations, and claims, instantly impacts the non-owner automobile insurance coverage premium. A clear report, signifying accountable driving habits, usually ends in a decrease premium. Conversely, a historical past of accidents or violations will improve the premium, reflecting the upper threat related to such habits. It’s because insurance coverage firms assess the chance of future claims primarily based on the motive force’s previous efficiency.
For instance, a driver with a historical past of dashing tickets will probably pay a better premium in comparison with a driver with a clear driving report.
Influence on Premiums Desk
| Issue | Description | Influence on Premium |
|---|---|---|
| Protection Ranges | Complete protection, excessive legal responsibility limits | Larger premium |
| Car Traits | Luxurious sports activities automobile, older mannequin | Larger premium |
| Driver Historical past | Accidents, violations | Larger premium |
| Location | Excessive-accident space | Larger premium |
Understanding Coverage Exclusions and Limitations
Non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies in Arizona, whereas providing an important layer of safety, are usually not a blanket assure. Understanding the particular exclusions and limitations inside your coverage is important to keep away from disagreeable surprises whenever you’re behind the wheel. Figuring out what is not coated may also help you proactively handle your threat.Coverage exclusions and limitations are fastidiously crafted to outline the scope of safety.
This ensures insurers can handle threat successfully and keep a sustainable enterprise mannequin. A transparent understanding of those provisions is essential for making knowledgeable selections concerning protection and potential out-of-pocket bills.
Frequent Exclusions in Non-Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage Insurance policies
Non-owner insurance policies usually exclude protection for conditions past the scope of utilizing a automobile you do not personal. These exclusions are designed to forestall fraud and guarantee truthful protection for the insured. A standard exclusion is injury attributable to intentional acts. For example, when you intentionally trigger an accident, the insurance coverage firm could not present protection.
- Intentional Harm: Protection usually doesn’t apply if the injury is deliberately inflicted by the insured.
- Pre-existing Harm: If the automobile has pre-existing injury that wasn’t disclosed or addressed, protection could also be restricted or denied.
- Modifications not disclosed: If modifications or additions to the automobile are usually not declared, the insurance coverage firm could cut back or refuse protection for any damages ensuing from these modifications.
Limitations Concerning Protection for Particular Sorts of Automobiles
Several types of automobiles could have various ranges of protection underneath a non-owner coverage. The insurer may supply totally different ranges of protection for traditional automobiles, bikes, or different distinctive automobiles.
- Particular Car Sorts: Protection could also be restricted or excluded for sure sorts of automobiles, corresponding to personalized racing automobiles or high-performance automobiles.
- Car Situation: A automobile’s total situation, particularly if it is considerably broken or not roadworthy, could affect the extent of protection obtainable.
Limitations of Protection When Utilizing the Car for Enterprise Functions
Utilizing a non-owned automobile for business or enterprise functions might result in limitations in protection. It is vital to pay attention to these limitations earlier than enterprise any enterprise actions. The non-owner coverage could not present protection for business-related accidents or damages.
- Enterprise Use: Non-owner insurance policies are usually for private use solely. Utilizing the automobile for enterprise functions could invalidate protection.
- Business Actions: Actions like transporting items for pay or working a supply service utilizing the automobile could fall exterior the scope of the coverage.
Abstract of Exclusions and Limitations
| Exclusion/Limitation | Description |
|---|---|
| Intentional Harm | Protection excluded for injury intentionally inflicted. |
| Pre-existing Harm | Protection could also be restricted or denied if undisclosed. |
| Modifications | Undisclosed modifications could cut back or remove protection. |
| Particular Car Sorts | Protection could also be restricted for distinctive or high-performance automobiles. |
| Car Situation | Protection could also be impacted by the automobile’s total situation. |
| Enterprise Use | Utilizing the automobile for enterprise actions could void protection. |
Obligations of the Non-Proprietor
A non-owner automobile insurance coverage coverage in Arizona protects people who do not personal a automobile however commonly drive one. This coverage is essential for sustaining a protected and legally compliant driving report. Understanding your duties as a non-owner is important to making sure your safety and avoiding potential authorized points.
Insurance coverage Coverage Obligations
A non-owner coverage, whereas offering protection, comes with particular duties. This coverage safeguards you in opposition to monetary repercussions if an accident happens whilst you’re driving a automobile you do not personal. The phrases of the coverage clearly Artikel your rights and duties. It is important to diligently overview and perceive these phrases to make sure full safety and keep away from any misunderstandings.
Failure to know your duties can result in pricey penalties.
Implications of Insufficient Insurance coverage
Driving with out sufficient insurance coverage, particularly as a non-owner, poses vital dangers. The repercussions of an accident with out insurance coverage may be devastating, each financially and legally. With out protection, you are personally responsible for any damages or accidents induced in an accident. This might embody hefty fines, courtroom prices, and doubtlessly long-term monetary burdens. An instance of this might be a scenario the place a non-owner is concerned in an accident and causes vital property injury, necessitating substantial monetary settlements.
Understanding Coverage Phrases and Situations
Rigorously reviewing the coverage’s phrases and circumstances is paramount. These paperwork delineate the specifics of protection, limits, and exclusions. Understanding the tremendous print, like deductibles, protection quantities, and legal responsibility limits, is important. It is vital to pay specific consideration to the definitions of “coated automobiles” and “coated drivers” in your coverage. This can be a important step to keep away from misinterpretations.
Non-Proprietor Obligations, Non proprietor automobile insurance coverage arizona
- Adherence to Coverage Phrases: Rigorously adhering to the coverage’s phrases and circumstances is paramount. This consists of understanding the specifics of coated automobiles, permitted drivers, and any exclusions.
- Correct Car Identification: Making certain the automobile you’re driving is accurately recognized throughout the coverage is important. Correct automobile data helps keep away from any discrepancies in protection throughout an incident.
- Disclosure of Driving Historical past: Honesty in reporting driving historical past is crucial. Offering full and correct data concerning your driving report is important for acquiring the suitable protection.
- Immediate Reporting of Accidents: Reporting any accidents, no matter severity, to the insurance coverage firm promptly is essential. This ensures the claims course of proceeds easily and effectively. Delaying or failing to report an accident can result in severe penalties.
- Avoiding Unauthorized Use: Driving a automobile with out the proprietor’s specific permission is a major breach of accountability. This will void your insurance coverage protection.
- Sustaining a Clear Driving Document: Sustaining a clear driving report is vital for sustaining the coverage’s validity and premium charges. Visitors violations may end up in elevated premiums and even coverage cancellation. Driving responsibly is important to long-term cost-effectiveness and insurance coverage safety.
Claims and Disputes
Navigating the claims course of for non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona may be easy when you perceive the procedures and potential roadblocks. Figuring out your rights and duties, coupled with a transparent understanding of the insurance coverage coverage, is essential to a clean and environment friendly decision. This part will element the declare submitting course of, typical timelines, potential disputes, and steps to resolve them.
Submitting a Declare
A well-documented declare is crucial for a swift decision. Collect all related paperwork, together with the coverage particulars, accident report, medical payments, and any injury assessments. Contact your insurance coverage supplier promptly to provoke the declare course of. They’ll information you thru the required steps, corresponding to offering required kinds and knowledge. Sustaining clear communication with the insurance coverage firm all through the method is vital to a clean decision.
Typical Declare Decision Timeframes
The timeframe for resolving a non-owner automobile insurance coverage declare in Arizona varies relying on the complexity of the declare. Minor accidents with minimal injury could also be resolved in a couple of weeks, whereas extra advanced circumstances, involving in depth injury or authorized points, might take a number of months. Insurance coverage firms typically present an estimated timeline for the declare’s decision, which may also help handle expectations.
This timeline is normally influenced by components like the necessity for value determinations, medical evaluations, and the provision of all essential documentation.
Frequent Causes for Disputes
Disputes in non-owner automobile insurance coverage claims typically stem from differing interpretations of coverage protection or disagreements concerning legal responsibility. For instance, a disagreement on whether or not the accident occurred throughout the coverage’s stipulated timeframe or whether or not the motive force was working the automobile in accordance with the coverage phrases might set off a dispute. Misunderstandings in regards to the extent of harm or the validity of medical bills also can result in disagreements.
Moreover, disagreements on the suitable quantity of compensation for damages or accidents are frequent.
Resolving a Dispute with the Insurance coverage Firm
When a dispute arises, a proactive strategy is essential. First, fastidiously overview the coverage’s phrases and circumstances to make sure you perceive your rights and obligations. Doc all communication with the insurance coverage firm, together with emails, telephone calls, and letters. If the preliminary try at decision fails, contemplate in search of help from a authorized skilled who focuses on insurance coverage claims.
They’ll present helpful perception into navigating the complexities of the dispute and advocate on your pursuits. Negotiation and mediation may additionally be efficient methods to succeed in a mutually agreeable decision. Thorough documentation and clear communication are important all through the dispute decision course of. This will likely embody preserving copies of all correspondence, and in search of authorized counsel if essential.
Sources for Additional Info
Navigating the world of non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona requires dependable assets. This part offers key avenues for understanding the intricacies of protection, prices, and laws, empowering you to make knowledgeable selections. Thorough analysis and entry to correct data are paramount to securing appropriate safety.Important assets for gaining a complete understanding of non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona embody authoritative web sites from insurance coverage firms and state regulatory our bodies.
These sources supply very important insights into insurance policies, protection particulars, and compliance requirements. State legal guidelines and laws underpin the insurance coverage panorama, outlining permissible coverages and restrictions. Understanding these pointers ensures you are conscious of the particular stipulations relevant to non-owner automobile insurance coverage within the state.
Insurance coverage Firm Web sites
Arizona’s insurance coverage market boasts a various vary of firms providing non-owner automobile insurance coverage. Consulting their respective web sites offers a wealth of details about particular insurance policies, charges, and protection choices. These web sites usually characteristic detailed explanations of assorted protection sorts, corresponding to legal responsibility protection, collision protection, and complete protection. They typically Artikel the method for acquiring quotes and buying a coverage.
Insurance coverage firm web sites are a helpful useful resource for evaluating totally different coverage choices and discovering essentially the most appropriate plan on your wants.
State Regulatory Our bodies
Arizona’s Division of Insurance coverage performs an important position in overseeing insurance coverage actions throughout the state. Their web site serves as a central hub for pertinent data, laws, and shopper assets. This consists of particulars on licensing necessities for insurance coverage suppliers, grievance procedures, and a listing of licensed insurance coverage firms working in Arizona. These regulatory assets are important for understanding the state’s authorized framework surrounding non-owner automobile insurance coverage.
Related State Rules and Legal guidelines
Arizona’s legal guidelines and laws concerning non-owner automobile insurance coverage are important for understanding your rights and duties. These laws Artikel the required minimal protection quantities and any restrictions on protection sorts. Additionally they make clear the obligations of each the automobile proprietor and the non-owner, making certain a complete understanding of the authorized ramifications. Understanding these particulars helps keep away from potential points and ensures you are adhering to all relevant legal guidelines.
| Useful resource | Description | Hyperlink (Instance) |
|---|---|---|
| Arizona Division of Insurance coverage | Official state company overseeing insurance coverage operations in Arizona. Gives shopper assets, laws, and details about licensed insurers. | (Insert precise hyperlink right here) |
| State Farm | Main insurance coverage supplier providing non-owner automobile insurance coverage. Gives detailed coverage data and on-line quoting instruments. | (Insert precise hyperlink right here) |
| Allstate | Massive insurance coverage firm with a variety of insurance coverage merchandise, together with non-owner auto protection. Gives details about coverage sorts and prices. | (Insert precise hyperlink right here) |
| Liberty Mutual | Nationwide insurance coverage firm providing varied insurance coverage merchandise, together with non-owner automobile insurance coverage. Gives details about protection and insurance policies. | (Insert precise hyperlink right here) |
Final result Abstract: Non Proprietor Automotive Insurance coverage Arizona
In conclusion, securing Arizona non-owner automobile insurance coverage includes understanding your protection choices, the duties concerned, and the steps for submitting claims. By fastidiously contemplating these components, you may proactively shield your self and make sure you’re ready for any unexpected circumstances. This information serves as a helpful useful resource for making knowledgeable selections about your automobile insurance coverage wants.
FAQ Insights
What are the standard protection limits for legal responsibility insurance coverage in Arizona?
Legal responsibility limits in Arizona typically vary from $25,000 to $100,000 per individual and $50,000 to $300,000 per accident. At all times test together with your particular insurance coverage supplier for exact limits.
What paperwork are wanted to acquire non-owner automobile insurance coverage in Arizona?
The required paperwork range by supplier however usually embody proof of id, automobile data (the automobile you are driving), and proof of residency.
Are there particular conditions the place non-owner automobile insurance coverage is required in Arizona?
Arizona regulation typically mandates non-owner automobile insurance coverage when you’re driving a automobile that is not registered to you.
What are frequent exclusions in non-owner automobile insurance coverage insurance policies in Arizona?
Frequent exclusions may embody protection for automobiles used for enterprise functions, automobiles with sure modifications, or automobiles that are not commonly maintained.
